The server is down! The Internet is down! Systems administrators and network administrators would prefer never to hear these words—and after all, the words are seldom literally accurate. How often is an entire server destroyed? How often does the Internet suffer a global failure? Most system failures are the result of a single component failure. Your job is to find that component, fix it, and return the system to normal operation.
For crucial systems, you're always looking for ways to predict and reduce downtime. One approach is to analyze the system's communication path from servers to users and look for potential single points of failure—that is, individual system components that, when broken, can cause the unavailability of the entire system. After you identify potential single points of failure, your next challenge is to decide what to do about them. Because money is often a consideration, you undertake risk analysis—either formally or informally. A considered response often includes one or more of the following strategies:
- Do nothing. Either the risk is low or the cost of a fix is too high.
- Acquire cold spare parts. Cold spare parts are components that you can use to replace broken parts quickly. This strategy comes with moderate cost and risk and is appropriate when some downtime is acceptable.
- Acquire hot spare parts. Hot spare parts are redundant components that are running all the time, ready to take over for broken components in the system. Clustering, load balancing, and hot sites are all forms of such redundancy, depending on the part of a system that needs repair.
As a network administrator, you need to ensure that packets continue to flow. Often, redundant network connections are your best bet. In a network setting, you can use redundancy to provide fault tolerance and to increase communications capacity. To build reliable network communications paths, you need to understand how to implement redundant LAN and WAN connections. For information about the standards and protocols that enable the following redundancy scenarios, see the sidebar "A Glossary of Standards and Protocols Relevant to Redundant Networks," page 62.
Redundant LAN Connections
Sooner or later, you'll need to handle a system communication failure that occurs within a server's local subnet. The server's NIC and default gateway are both potential points of failure, but you can add redundancy in a variety of ways.
Multiple NICs on the same subnet. Whether your server system is standalone, clustered, or load-balanced, the NIC is a potential point of failure. Starting with Windows 2000, Microsoft simplified the installation of multiple NICs configured for the same IP subnet. To provide NIC redundancy, you can connect such NICs to the same hub or switch or preferably to different switches. The Interface metric property determines which of the active (i.e., enabled) NICs the system will use for outbound traffic; the system uses the NIC with the lowest number in the Interface metric field. Go to Control Panel, Network and Dial-up Connections, Local Area Connection, Properties. Select Internet Protocol (TCP/IP), and click Properties. On the General tab, click Advanced. Clear the Automatic Metric check box at the bottom of resulting dialog box, and enter the metric you want to assign to this NIC.
Multiple default gateways. A failure of the default gateway on the subnet will cause traffic to remote subnets to fail. Implementing multiple routers on the subnet provides a measure of fault tolerance to this kind of failure. The Virtual Router Redundancy Protocol (VRRP) and the Hot Standby Router Protocol (HSRP) support such fault tolerance without requiring configuration changes at the client. You can also implement multiple default gateways at each client by defining more than one default gateway address on each NIC. Starting with Win2K, Microsoft lets you assign a metric to a default gateway the same way that you assign a metric to a NIC.
In earlier versions of Windows, you can assign a metric to a default gateway by installing additional default gateways directly into the IP routing table. To make such routing table changes, you use the Route Add command with the metric option at a standard command prompt. For example, the command
route p add 0.0.0.0 mask 0.0.0.0 10.10.0.254 metric 15
adds a persistent default gateway for the router at 10.10.0.254 with a metric of 15. Understand that only connection-oriented traffic such as TCP will trigger a default gateway change; UDP and Internet Control Message Protocol (ICMP) traffic such as Ping won't. Defining different default gateways for different NICs in a multihomed computer can cause problems when the NICs connect to networks that can't communicate with one another. Even when default gateways are defined on different NICs, only one of a computer's default gateways is active at a time. For more information about configuring default gateways, see the Microsoft article "Default Gateway Configuration for Multihomed Computers" (http://support.microsoft.com/?kbid=157025).
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